Suspension concentration profiles during rapid gravity filter backwashing

Rapid gravity, granular media filters are widely used in the water and wastewater treatment industries. Regular backwashing to clean the filters is a vital part of their efficient operation. Experimental data on the development of suspension concentration profiles through laboratory scale filter beds during the backwash process were obtained. Previous attempts to obtain and record backwash profiles of this type have been unsuccessful due to the limited range of existing turbidimeters. The results have been used to validate a new model developed by the authors.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

智利El Teniente铜钼矿地质—地球化学特征 及成因模式

智利El Teniente铜钼矿是环太平洋东部安第斯成矿带南部最具代表性的斑岩型矿床之一。该矿床开采历史悠久,并以优越的成矿环境、独特的矿床地质特征、多期次的岩浆—矿化作用而倍受国内外地质学者的关注。对该矿床区域地质及矿床地质特征、岩浆岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素、锆石Hf-O同位素特征、流体包裹体地球化学特征及矿床成因模式进行了系统总结分析。结果表明,矿体以脉状—网脉状矿化为特征,主要赋存于安山岩、石英闪长岩和英安斑岩体中;矿区各期次岩浆岩体为同一幔源岩浆不同演化阶段的产物,并混有不同比例的俯冲板片物质;矿区成矿流体为高盐度、高温度及高成矿金属浓度的岩浆流体;该矿床的形成与多期次幔源岩浆岩及深部富含Cu、Mo和S组分的成矿流体密切相关。该矿床地球化学及成因模式的研究有利于区域上成矿模式的建立,同时还对于我国该类型矿床成因方面的理论研究及成矿预测具有重大现实意义。     

Study on ash deposition under oxyfuel combustion of coal/biomass blends

Combustion in an O₂/CO₂ mixture (oxyfuel) has been recognized as a promising technology for CO₂ capture as it produces a high CO₂ concentration flue gas. Furthermore, biofuels in general contribute to CO₂ reduction in comparison with fossil fuels as they are considered CO₂ neutral. Ash formation and deposition (surface fouling) behavior of coal/biomass blends under O₂/CO₂ combustion conditions is still not extensively studied. Aim of this work is the comparative study of ash formation and deposition of selected coal/biomass blends under oxyfuel and air conditions in a lab scale pulverized coal combustor (drop tube). The fuels used were Russian and South African coals and their blends with Shea meal (cocoa). A horizontal deposition probe, equipped with thermocouples and heat transfer sensors for on line data acquisition, was placed at a fixed distance from the burner in order to simulate the ash deposition on heat transfer surfaces (e.g. water or steam tubes). Furthermore, a cascade impactor (staged filter) was used to obtain size distributed ash samples including the submicron range at the reactor exit. The deposition ratio and propensity measured for the various experimental conditions were higher in all oxyfuel cases. The SEM/EDS and ICP analyses of the deposit and cascade impactor ash samples indicate K interactions with the alumina silicates and to a smaller extend with Cl, which was all released in the gas phase, in both the oxyfuel and air combustion samples. Sulfur was depleted in both the air or oxyfuel ash deposits. S and K enrichment was detected in the fine ash stages, slightly increased under air combustion conditions. Chemical equilibrium calculations were carried out to facilitate the interpretation of the measured data; the results indicate that temperature dependence and fuels/blends ash composition are the major factors affecting gaseous compounds and ash composition rather than the combustion environment, which seems to affect the fine ash (submicron) ash composition, and the ash deposition mechanisms.     

Release to the gas phase of metals, S and Cl during combustion of dedicated waste fractions

The release to the gas phase of inorganic elements such as alkali metals, Cl, S, and heavy metals in Waste-to-Energy (WtE) boilers is a challenge. Besides the risk of harmful emissions to the environment, inorganic elements released from the grate may cause severe ash deposition and corrosion problems in the boiler, subsequently leading to decreased overall efficiency and costly, unscheduled shut-downs. The objective of this study was to obtain quantitative data on the release of inorganic elements from dedicated, well-characterized waste fractions; in order to understand the release pattern and the link to the formation of fly ash and aerosols in full-scale waste incinerators. The release of metals, S and Cl from four dedicated waste fractions was quantified as a function of temperature in a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor. The waste fractions comprised chromated copper arsenate (CCA) impregnated wood, shoes, automotive shredder waste and PVC (poly-vinyl-chloride). The waste fractions were characterized by use of wet chemical analysis, and, based on the chemical composition of the initial fuel sample and the ash residue after the experiments; the release of inorganic elements was quantified. The lab-scale release results were then compared with results from a related, full-scale partitioning study, in which test runs with the addition of similar, dedicated waste fractions to a base-load waste had been performed in a grate-fired WtE boiler. In general, the elements Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Si and Ti were not released, in consistency with the non-volatile nature of these elements. The elements Pb, Zn, Cl, S, Na, K and As, on the other hand, were released to a significant extent, and the release pattern was found to be both temperature dependent and fuel specific. Possible release mechanisms were discussed in relation to the chemical characteristics of each fuel, and some of the same release mechanisms as previously suggested for e.g. biomass-based fuels in the literature also seemed to apply for the present waste fractions.     

产水气井结盐垢机理研究及防治

文23气田产高矿化度CaCl2水型地层水,气井开发至井底压力小于7MPa时,井底开始结盐垢,盐垢的成分主要是NaCl,其次是少量CaSO4和CaCO3钙垢。气井压力降低使天然气饱和水蒸汽含量增加,地层水产生蒸浓反应成为过饱和溶液,盐垢结晶析出沉淀形成气井结盐。气井井筒结盐垢部位一般集结在井底油管内外壁、套管内壁,形成一个结盐垢初始点和终止点的分布状态。清除井筒氯化物垢的有效方法是用淡水溶解清洗,清除井筒和井底的钙垢盐类要用化学反应法和机械破碎法。     

Trace elements in coal: Associations with coal and minerals and their behavior during coal utilization - A review

Trace elements such as mercury, arsenic and selenium present in coal are known to be of concern for public health. Coal-fired power plants have resulted in emission of several tons of TEs in environment. These elements mostly evaporate during combustion and condense either homogeneously as sub-micron ash or heterogeneously onto already existing fine ash. The coal-mineral and mineral-mineral associations play an important role in the formation of fine particles and in subsequent condensation of trace elements in various phases. Any retention of these elements in fly ash particles is strongly influenced by their association with other minerals in individual coal and mineral grains. Clean coal technology development is, therefore, a priority area for research and needs continuous improvements in increased efficiency and decreased pollutant emission. The paper will include trace elements in different coals from around the world. It will consider different modes of occurrences present in coals, the ash formation and evaporation of trace elements and emissions. The typical emissions from typical power stations will be presented. The paper will also review different approaches adopted in estimating the deportment of these elements. The paper at the end would discuss control strategies for reducing emissions and future directions.     

Treatment of wood ash containing soluble chromate

The “TA Siedlungsabfall” issued in Germany in May 1993 will entail severe problems concerning the disposal of wood ash. One particular problem is associated with the occurrence of soluble chromium compounds in the leachates of wood ash. During combustion of wood, wood residues or waste wood, Cr-III which is generally found in wood is partly oxidized to Cr-VI. Under the conditions of the leaching test DIN 38 414 part 4, which is the compulsory test procedure according to the “TA Siedlungsabfall”, Cr-VI is partly soluble. Thus, the comparatively low limit value for the leachates is exceeded by many wood ash samples. To achieve significant reduction of the soluble Cr-VI content of wood ash, a procedure termed wet ash removal was applied. Investigations were carried out both under industrial conditions and in the laboratory. It is shown that wood ash leachates with Cr-VI concentrations of up to about 2 mg/l can be treated effectively with this procedure.     

三产品重介质旋流器在俄罗斯选煤厂的应用

简要介绍了俄罗斯三产品重介质放流器的发展，重点介绍了Г　Т У－９００／６３０型三产品重介质旋流器的结构、技术性能及试验情况。     

Simulation of entrainment of agglomerates from plate surfaces by shear flows

The entrainment process of agglomerates deposited on plate surfaces by shear flows was simulated using the three-dimensional modified discrete element method (mDEM) and influences of several factors on entrainment process were examined. In the case shear induced force is too weak, deposits are only deformed and particles are barely entrained, however, above some critical value particles are entrained by flows forming agglomerates. It was also clarified that the steric-bulky deposit undergoes the stronger hydrodynamic force and is easy to be entrained. There are two entrainment mechanisms corresponding to the parameter A_s/A which indicates the relative strength of adhesive force between particle and plate surface to that between particles. In case of large A_s/A where the adhesion between particle and plate surface is predominant, the number of entrained particles monotonically decreases as A_s/A increases due to the enhanced binding force. By contrast for small A_s/A, the number of entrained particles is not heavily dependent on A_s/A due to the mechanism in which the upstream side of deposit is lifted and the deposit is deformed extensively then large agglomerates are entrained. The boundary between those two entrainment mechanisms exists at A_s/A=0.5-0.6 which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.